Simple answer: Ludwig Wittgenstein was an Austrian philosopher who studied with Bertrand Russell at Cambridge University during the 1930s, producing his first major work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. He was followed by other thinkers such as A.J. Ayer in England and Rudolph Carnap in Austria, who focused on the “verificationist” theory of meaning. After World War Two…

Years ago, C.S. (Clive Staples) Lewis wrote a very helpful little book with this title. In it he reviewed the major “explanations” or “justifications” usually given for the presence of pain in human experience. In philosophical/theological contexts this reality is usually called “the problem of pain.” Aside from the usual and/or obvious possible explanations for…